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Apostasy in Islam
Apostasy in Islam ((アラビア語:ردة) ' or ') is commonly defined as the conscious abandonment of Islam by a Muslim in word or through deed.〔Frank Griffel, Apostasy, in (Editor: Gerhard Bowering et al.) The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, ISBN 978-0691134840, pp 40-41; Diane Morgan (2009), Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice, ISBN 978-0313360251, pages 182-183〕〔Hebatallah Ghali (2006), (Rights of Muslim Converts to Christianity ) Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Law, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, The American University in Cairo, Egypt, page 2; “Whereas apostate (murtad) is the person who commits apostasy (’rtidad), that is the conscious abandonment of allegiance, and renunciation of a religious faith or abandonment of a previous loyalty.”〕 It includes the act of converting to another religion, by a person who was born in a Muslim family or who had previously accepted Islam.〔Peters & De Vries (1976), (Apostasy in Islam ), Die Welt des Islams, Vol. 17, Issue 1/4, p. 3, quote - "By the murtadd or apostate is understood as the Moslem by birth or by conversion, who renounces his religion, irrespective of whether or not he subsequently embraces another faith".〕
The definition of apostasy from Islam and its appropriate punishment(s) are controversial, and they vary among Islamic scholars. Apostasy in Islam may includes in its scope not only the renunciation of Islam by a Muslim and the joining of another religion or becoming non-religious, but questioning or denying any "fundamental tenet or creed" of Islam such as the divinity of God, prophethood of Muhammad, or mocking God, or worshipping one or more idols.〔Peters & De Vries (1976), (Apostasy in Islam ), Die Welt des Islams, Vol. 17, Issue 1/4, pp. 3-4〕〔 The apostate term has also been used for people of religions that trace their origins to Islam, such as the Bahá'ís in Iran, but who were never actually Muslims themselves. Apostasy in Islam does not include acts against Islam or conversion to another religion that is involuntary, forced or done as concealment out of fear of persecution or during war (Taqiyya or Kitman).〔R. Ibrahim (2009, editors: J. Gallagher and E. Patterson), Debating the War of Ideas, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-23061-9364, p. 68-72, quote - "Muslims who were forced to choose between recanting Islam or suffering persecution were, and still are, permitted to lie by feigning apostasy" (p. 68).〕〔J.T. Munroe (2004), Hispano-Arabic Poetry, Gorgias Press, ISBN 978-1-59333-1153, p. 69〕
Historically, the vast majority of Islamic scholars have held that apostasy in Islam is a crime as well as a sin, an act of treason punishable with the death penalty, typically after a waiting period to allow the apostate time to repent and return to Islam.〔 The kind of apostasy generally deemed to be punishable by the jurists was of the political kind, although there were considerable legal differences of opinion on this matter.〔Asma Afsaruddin (2013), ''Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought'', p.242. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199730938.〕 Some contemporary Muslim scholars also hold the traditional view that the death penalty for apostasy is required by the two primary sources of Sharia - the Quran and the Hadiths. The other vast majority argue that the death penalty is an inappropriate punishment,〔Hassan Ibrahim in Editor: Ibrahim M. Abu-Rabi (2006), The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4051-2174-3, pages 167-169〕〔〔〔〔 inconsistent with the Qur'anic injunctions such as Q.88:21-22 or "no compulsion in religion";〔 and/or that it is not a general rule but enacted at a time when the early Muslim community faced enemies who threatened its unity, safety, and security, and needed to prevent and punish the equivalent of desertion or treason,〔John Esposito (2011), ''What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam'', p.74. ISBN 978-0-19-979413-3.〕 and should be enforced only if apostasy becomes a mechanism of public disobedience and disorder (''fitna'').〔Ahmet Albayrak writes in ''The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia'' that regarding apostasy as a wrongdoing is not a sign of intolerance of other religions, and is not aimed at one’s freedom to choose a religion or to leave Islam and embrace another faith, but that on the contrary, it is more correct to say that the punishment is enforced as a safety precaution when warranted if apostasy becomes a mechanism of public disobedience and disorder (''fitna''). Oliver Leaman, ''The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia'', pp. 526-527.〕 As such moderate Muslims reject such penalty. According to critics, the death penalty or other punishment for Apostasy in Islam is a violation of universal human rights, and an issue of freedom of faith and conscience.〔 A majority considers apostasy in Islam to be some form of religious crime, although a minority does not.〔〔(Sudan woman faces death for apostasy ) BBC News (May 15, 2014); Quote "There is a long-running debate in Islam over whether apostasy is a crime. Some liberal scholars hold the view that it is not (...), Others say apostasy is (...). The latter is the dominant view (...)."〕〔Peters & De Vries (1976), (Apostasy in Islam ), Die Welt des Islams, Vol. 17, Issue 1/4, pp 16〕
Under current laws in Islamic countries, the actual punishment for the apostate (or murtadd مرتد) ranges from execution to prison term to no punishment.〔(Laws Criminalizing Apostasy ) Library of Congress (2014)〕〔(Apostasy ) Oxford Islamic Studies Online, Oxford University Press (2012)〕 Islamic nations with sharia courts use civil code to void the Muslim apostate’s marriage and deny child custody rights, as well as his or her inheritance rights for apostasy. Twenty-three Muslim-majority countries, as of 2013, additionally covered apostasy in Islam through their criminal laws.〔(Laws Criminalizing Apostasy ) Library of Congress (2014)〕
==Scriptural references==
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